创建闪烁加载效果

在应用程序开发中,加载时间是不可避免的。从用户体验 (UX) 的角度来看,最重要的是向用户显示加载正在进行。一种流行的方法是使用闪烁动画在近似于正在加载的内容类型的形状上显示一种铬颜色,以向用户传达数据正在加载。

以下动画显示了应用程序的行为

Gif showing the UI loading

此食谱从定义和定位内容小部件开始。在右下角还有一个浮动操作按钮 (FAB),它在加载模式和已加载模式之间切换,以便您可以轻松验证您的实现。

绘制闪烁形状

#

在此效果中闪烁的形状独立于最终加载的实际内容。

因此,目标是尽可能准确地显示代表最终内容的形状。

在内容具有清晰边界的情况下,显示准确的形状很容易。例如,在这个食谱中,有一些圆形图像和一些圆角矩形图像。您可以绘制与这些图像轮廓完全匹配的形状。

另一方面,请考虑出现在圆角矩形图像下方的文本。在文本加载之前,您将不知道存在多少行文本。因此,尝试为每行文本绘制一个矩形毫无意义。相反,在数据加载时,您可以绘制几个非常薄的圆角矩形来代表将要出现的文本。形状和大小并不完全匹配,但没关系。

从屏幕顶部的圆形列表项开始。确保每个 CircleListItem 小部件在图像加载时显示一个带颜色的圆圈。

dart
class CircleListItem extends StatelessWidget {
  const CircleListItem({super.key});

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Padding(
      padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 8, vertical: 8),
      child: Container(
        width: 54,
        height: 54,
        decoration: const BoxDecoration(
          color: Colors.black,
          shape: BoxShape.circle,
        ),
        child: ClipOval(
          child: Image.network(
            'https://docs.flutterdart.cn/cookbook'
            '/img-files/effects/split-check/Avatar1.jpg',
            fit: BoxFit.cover,
          ),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

只要您的窗口小部件显示某种形状,您就可以在这个食谱中应用闪烁效果。

CircleListItem 小部件类似,确保 CardListItem 小部件在图像将要出现的地方显示颜色。此外,在 CardListItem 小部件中,根据当前加载状态在文本和矩形的显示之间切换。

dart
class CardListItem extends StatelessWidget {
  const CardListItem({
    super.key,
    required this.isLoading,
  });

  final bool isLoading;

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Padding(
      padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 24, vertical: 16),
      child: Column(
        crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.start,
        children: [
          _buildImage(),
          const SizedBox(height: 16),
          _buildText(),
        ],
      ),
    );
  }

  Widget _buildImage() {
    return AspectRatio(
      aspectRatio: 16 / 9,
      child: Container(
        width: double.infinity,
        decoration: BoxDecoration(
          color: Colors.black,
          borderRadius: BorderRadius.circular(16),
        ),
        child: ClipRRect(
          borderRadius: BorderRadius.circular(16),
          child: Image.network(
            'https://docs.flutterdart.cn/cookbook'
            '/img-files/effects/split-check/Food1.jpg',
            fit: BoxFit.cover,
          ),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }

  Widget _buildText() {
    if (isLoading) {
      return Column(
        crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.start,
        children: [
          Container(
            width: double.infinity,
            height: 24,
            decoration: BoxDecoration(
              color: Colors.black,
              borderRadius: BorderRadius.circular(16),
            ),
          ),
          const SizedBox(height: 16),
          Container(
            width: 250,
            height: 24,
            decoration: BoxDecoration(
              color: Colors.black,
              borderRadius: BorderRadius.circular(16),
            ),
          ),
        ],
      );
    } else {
      return const Padding(
        padding: EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 8),
        child: Text(
          'Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do '
          'eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.',
        ),
      );
    }
  }
}

您的 UI 现在根据它是在加载还是已加载而以不同的方式呈现自身。通过暂时注释掉图像 URL,您可以看到 UI 的两种呈现方式。

Gif showing the shimmer animation

下一个目标是用一个看起来像闪烁的单一渐变来绘制所有彩色区域。

绘制闪烁渐变

#

在这个食谱中实现的效果的关键是使用一个名为 ShaderMask 的小部件。ShaderMask 小部件顾名思义,会将着色器应用于其子级,但仅在子级已经绘制了内容的区域。例如,您将仅将着色器应用于您之前配置的黑色形状。

定义一个镀铬色的线性渐变,该渐变将应用于闪烁形状。

dart
const _shimmerGradient = LinearGradient(
  colors: [
    Color(0xFFEBEBF4),
    Color(0xFFF4F4F4),
    Color(0xFFEBEBF4),
  ],
  stops: [
    0.1,
    0.3,
    0.4,
  ],
  begin: Alignment(-1.0, -0.3),
  end: Alignment(1.0, 0.3),
  tileMode: TileMode.clamp,
);

定义一个名为 ShimmerLoading 的新有状态小部件,它使用 ShaderMask 包装给定的 child 小部件。配置 ShaderMask 小部件以将闪烁渐变作为具有 blendModesrcATop 的着色器应用。srcATop 混合模式将用着色器颜色替换 child 小部件绘制的任何颜色。

dart
class ShimmerLoading extends StatefulWidget {
  const ShimmerLoading({
    super.key,
    required this.isLoading,
    required this.child,
  });

  final bool isLoading;
  final Widget child;

  @override
  State<ShimmerLoading> createState() => _ShimmerLoadingState();
}

class _ShimmerLoadingState extends State<ShimmerLoading> {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    if (!widget.isLoading) {
      return widget.child;
    }

    return ShaderMask(
      blendMode: BlendMode.srcATop,
      shaderCallback: (bounds) {
        return _shimmerGradient.createShader(bounds);
      },
      child: widget.child,
    );
  }
}

使用 ShimmerLoading 小部件包装您的 CircleListItem 小部件。

dart
Widget _buildTopRowItem() {
  return ShimmerLoading(
    isLoading: _isLoading,
    child: const CircleListItem(),
  );
}

将您的 CardListItem 小部件包装在 ShimmerLoading 小部件中。

dart
Widget _buildListItem() {
  return ShimmerLoading(
    isLoading: _isLoading,
    child: CardListItem(
      isLoading: _isLoading,
    ),
  );
}

当您的形状正在加载时,它们现在会显示从 shaderCallback 返回的闪烁渐变。

这是一个朝着正确方向迈出的重要一步,但这种渐变显示存在一个问题。每个 CircleListItem 小部件和每个 CardListItem 小部件都显示了渐变的新版本。对于此配方,整个屏幕应看起来像一个大的闪烁表面。您将在下一步解决此问题。

绘制一个大的闪烁

#

为了在屏幕上绘制一个大的闪烁,每个 ShimmerLoading 小部件都需要根据该 ShimmerLoading 小部件在屏幕上的位置绘制相同的全屏渐变。

更准确地说,与其假设闪烁应该占据整个屏幕,不如说应该有一些区域共享闪烁。也许该区域占据了整个屏幕,也许没有。在 Flutter 中解决此类问题的办法是在小部件树中所有 ShimmerLoading 小部件之上定义另一个小部件,并将其称为 Shimmer。然后,每个 ShimmerLoading 小部件都会获得对 Shimmer 祖先的引用,并请求要显示的所需大小和渐变。

定义一个名为 Shimmer 的新有状态小部件,它接收一个 LinearGradient 并为后代提供对其 State 对象的访问权限。

dart
class Shimmer extends StatefulWidget {
  static ShimmerState? of(BuildContext context) {
    return context.findAncestorStateOfType<ShimmerState>();
  }

  const Shimmer({
    super.key,
    required this.linearGradient,
    this.child,
  });

  final LinearGradient linearGradient;
  final Widget? child;

  @override
  ShimmerState createState() => ShimmerState();
}

class ShimmerState extends State<Shimmer> {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return widget.child ?? const SizedBox();
  }
}

ShimmerState 类添加方法,以便访问 linearGradientShimmerStateRenderBox 的大小,以及查找后代在 ShimmerStateRenderBox 中的位置。

dart
class ShimmerState extends State<Shimmer> {
  Gradient get gradient => LinearGradient(
        colors: widget.linearGradient.colors,
        stops: widget.linearGradient.stops,
        begin: widget.linearGradient.begin,
        end: widget.linearGradient.end,
      );

  bool get isSized =>
      (context.findRenderObject() as RenderBox?)?.hasSize ?? false;

  Size get size => (context.findRenderObject() as RenderBox).size;

  Offset getDescendantOffset({
    required RenderBox descendant,
    Offset offset = Offset.zero,
  }) {
    final shimmerBox = context.findRenderObject() as RenderBox;
    return descendant.localToGlobal(offset, ancestor: shimmerBox);
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return widget.child ?? const SizedBox();
  }
}

将屏幕上的所有内容包装在 Shimmer 小部件中。

dart
class _ExampleUiLoadingAnimationState extends State<ExampleUiLoadingAnimation> {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      body: Shimmer(
        linearGradient: _shimmerGradient,
        child: ListView(
            // ListView Contents
            ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

在您的 ShimmerLoading 小部件中使用 Shimmer 小部件来绘制共享渐变。

dart
class _ShimmerLoadingState extends State<ShimmerLoading> {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    if (!widget.isLoading) {
      return widget.child;
    }

    // Collect ancestor shimmer information.
    final shimmer = Shimmer.of(context)!;
    if (!shimmer.isSized) {
      // The ancestor Shimmer widget isn't laid
      // out yet. Return an empty box.
      return const SizedBox();
    }
    final shimmerSize = shimmer.size;
    final gradient = shimmer.gradient;
    final offsetWithinShimmer = shimmer.getDescendantOffset(
      descendant: context.findRenderObject() as RenderBox,
    );

    return ShaderMask(
      blendMode: BlendMode.srcATop,
      shaderCallback: (bounds) {
        return gradient.createShader(
          Rect.fromLTWH(
            -offsetWithinShimmer.dx,
            -offsetWithinShimmer.dy,
            shimmerSize.width,
            shimmerSize.height,
          ),
        );
      },
      child: widget.child,
    );
  }
}

您的 ShimmerLoading 小部件现在显示一个共享渐变,该渐变占据了 Shimmer 小部件中的所有空间。

动画闪烁

#

闪烁渐变需要移动才能呈现闪烁的光泽外观。

LinearGradient 具有一个名为 transform 的属性,可用于转换渐变的外观,例如,将其水平移动。transform 属性接受 GradientTransform 实例。

定义一个名为 _SlidingGradientTransform 的类,该类实现 GradientTransform 以实现水平滑动的外观。

dart
class _SlidingGradientTransform extends GradientTransform {
  const _SlidingGradientTransform({
    required this.slidePercent,
  });

  final double slidePercent;

  @override
  Matrix4? transform(Rect bounds, {TextDirection? textDirection}) {
    return Matrix4.translationValues(bounds.width * slidePercent, 0.0, 0.0);
  }
}

渐变滑动百分比会随着时间的推移而改变,以创建运动的外观。要更改百分比,请在 ShimmerState 类中配置一个 AnimationController

dart
class ShimmerState extends State<Shimmer> with SingleTickerProviderStateMixin {
  late AnimationController _shimmerController;

  @override
  void initState() {
    super.initState();

    _shimmerController = AnimationController.unbounded(vsync: this)
      ..repeat(min: -0.5, max: 1.5, period: const Duration(milliseconds: 1000));
  }

  @override
  void dispose() {
    _shimmerController.dispose();
    super.dispose();
  }
}

通过使用 _shimmerControllervalue 作为 slidePercent,将 _SlidingGradientTransform 应用于 gradient

dart
LinearGradient get gradient => LinearGradient(
      colors: widget.linearGradient.colors,
      stops: widget.linearGradient.stops,
      begin: widget.linearGradient.begin,
      end: widget.linearGradient.end,
      transform:
          _SlidingGradientTransform(slidePercent: _shimmerController.value),
    );

渐变现在有动画效果了,但是你单独的 ShimmerLoading 小部件并没有随着渐变变化而重新绘制。因此,看起来什么都没有发生。

ShimmerState 中的 _shimmerController 暴露为一个 Listenable

dart
Listenable get shimmerChanges => _shimmerController;

ShimmerLoading 中,监听祖先 ShimmerStateshimmerChanges 属性的变化,并重新绘制闪烁渐变。

dart
class _ShimmerLoadingState extends State<ShimmerLoading> {
  Listenable? _shimmerChanges;

  @override
  void didChangeDependencies() {
    super.didChangeDependencies();
    if (_shimmerChanges != null) {
      _shimmerChanges!.removeListener(_onShimmerChange);
    }
    _shimmerChanges = Shimmer.of(context)?.shimmerChanges;
    if (_shimmerChanges != null) {
      _shimmerChanges!.addListener(_onShimmerChange);
    }
  }

  @override
  void dispose() {
    _shimmerChanges?.removeListener(_onShimmerChange);
    super.dispose();
  }

  void _onShimmerChange() {
    if (widget.isLoading) {
      setState(() {
        // Update the shimmer painting.
      });
    }
  }
}

恭喜!你现在拥有一个全屏的、动画的闪烁效果,它会在内容加载时打开和关闭。

交互式示例

#
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';

void main() {
  runApp(
    const MaterialApp(
      home: ExampleUiLoadingAnimation(),
      debugShowCheckedModeBanner: false,
    ),
  );
}

const _shimmerGradient = LinearGradient(
  colors: [
    Color(0xFFEBEBF4),
    Color(0xFFF4F4F4),
    Color(0xFFEBEBF4),
  ],
  stops: [
    0.1,
    0.3,
    0.4,
  ],
  begin: Alignment(-1.0, -0.3),
  end: Alignment(1.0, 0.3),
  tileMode: TileMode.clamp,
);

class ExampleUiLoadingAnimation extends StatefulWidget {
  const ExampleUiLoadingAnimation({
    super.key,
  });

  @override
  State<ExampleUiLoadingAnimation> createState() =>
      _ExampleUiLoadingAnimationState();
}

class _ExampleUiLoadingAnimationState extends State<ExampleUiLoadingAnimation> {
  bool _isLoading = true;

  void _toggleLoading() {
    setState(() {
      _isLoading = !_isLoading;
    });
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      body: Shimmer(
        linearGradient: _shimmerGradient,
        child: ListView(
          physics: _isLoading ? const NeverScrollableScrollPhysics() : null,
          children: [
            const SizedBox(height: 16),
            _buildTopRowList(),
            const SizedBox(height: 16),
            _buildListItem(),
            _buildListItem(),
            _buildListItem(),
          ],
        ),
      ),
      floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
        onPressed: _toggleLoading,
        child: Icon(
          _isLoading ? Icons.hourglass_full : Icons.hourglass_bottom,
        ),
      ),
    );
  }

  Widget _buildTopRowList() {
    return SizedBox(
      height: 72,
      child: ListView(
        physics: _isLoading ? const NeverScrollableScrollPhysics() : null,
        scrollDirection: Axis.horizontal,
        shrinkWrap: true,
        children: [
          const SizedBox(width: 16),
          _buildTopRowItem(),
          _buildTopRowItem(),
          _buildTopRowItem(),
          _buildTopRowItem(),
          _buildTopRowItem(),
          _buildTopRowItem(),
        ],
      ),
    );
  }

  Widget _buildTopRowItem() {
    return ShimmerLoading(
      isLoading: _isLoading,
      child: const CircleListItem(),
    );
  }

  Widget _buildListItem() {
    return ShimmerLoading(
      isLoading: _isLoading,
      child: CardListItem(
        isLoading: _isLoading,
      ),
    );
  }
}

class Shimmer extends StatefulWidget {
  static ShimmerState? of(BuildContext context) {
    return context.findAncestorStateOfType<ShimmerState>();
  }

  const Shimmer({
    super.key,
    required this.linearGradient,
    this.child,
  });

  final LinearGradient linearGradient;
  final Widget? child;

  @override
  ShimmerState createState() => ShimmerState();
}

class ShimmerState extends State<Shimmer> with SingleTickerProviderStateMixin {
  late AnimationController _shimmerController;

  @override
  void initState() {
    super.initState();

    _shimmerController = AnimationController.unbounded(vsync: this)
      ..repeat(min: -0.5, max: 1.5, period: const Duration(milliseconds: 1000));
  }

  @override
  void dispose() {
    _shimmerController.dispose();
    super.dispose();
  }

  LinearGradient get gradient => LinearGradient(
        colors: widget.linearGradient.colors,
        stops: widget.linearGradient.stops,
        begin: widget.linearGradient.begin,
        end: widget.linearGradient.end,
        transform:
            _SlidingGradientTransform(slidePercent: _shimmerController.value),
      );

  bool get isSized =>
      (context.findRenderObject() as RenderBox?)?.hasSize ?? false;

  Size get size => (context.findRenderObject() as RenderBox).size;

  Offset getDescendantOffset({
    required RenderBox descendant,
    Offset offset = Offset.zero,
  }) {
    final shimmerBox = context.findRenderObject() as RenderBox?;
    return descendant.localToGlobal(offset, ancestor: shimmerBox);
  }

  Listenable get shimmerChanges => _shimmerController;

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return widget.child ?? const SizedBox();
  }
}

class _SlidingGradientTransform extends GradientTransform {
  const _SlidingGradientTransform({
    required this.slidePercent,
  });

  final double slidePercent;

  @override
  Matrix4? transform(Rect bounds, {TextDirection? textDirection}) {
    return Matrix4.translationValues(bounds.width * slidePercent, 0.0, 0.0);
  }
}

class ShimmerLoading extends StatefulWidget {
  const ShimmerLoading({
    super.key,
    required this.isLoading,
    required this.child,
  });

  final bool isLoading;
  final Widget child;

  @override
  State<ShimmerLoading> createState() => _ShimmerLoadingState();
}

class _ShimmerLoadingState extends State<ShimmerLoading> {
  Listenable? _shimmerChanges;

  @override
  void didChangeDependencies() {
    super.didChangeDependencies();
    if (_shimmerChanges != null) {
      _shimmerChanges!.removeListener(_onShimmerChange);
    }
    _shimmerChanges = Shimmer.of(context)?.shimmerChanges;
    if (_shimmerChanges != null) {
      _shimmerChanges!.addListener(_onShimmerChange);
    }
  }

  @override
  void dispose() {
    _shimmerChanges?.removeListener(_onShimmerChange);
    super.dispose();
  }

  void _onShimmerChange() {
    if (widget.isLoading) {
      setState(() {
        // Update the shimmer painting.
      });
    }
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    if (!widget.isLoading) {
      return widget.child;
    }

    // Collect ancestor shimmer info.
    final shimmer = Shimmer.of(context)!;
    if (!shimmer.isSized) {
      // The ancestor Shimmer widget has not laid
      // itself out yet. Return an empty box.
      return const SizedBox();
    }
    final shimmerSize = shimmer.size;
    final gradient = shimmer.gradient;
    final offsetWithinShimmer = shimmer.getDescendantOffset(
      descendant: context.findRenderObject() as RenderBox,
    );

    return ShaderMask(
      blendMode: BlendMode.srcATop,
      shaderCallback: (bounds) {
        return gradient.createShader(
          Rect.fromLTWH(
            -offsetWithinShimmer.dx,
            -offsetWithinShimmer.dy,
            shimmerSize.width,
            shimmerSize.height,
          ),
        );
      },
      child: widget.child,
    );
  }
}

//----------- List Items ---------
class CircleListItem extends StatelessWidget {
  const CircleListItem({super.key});
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Padding(
      padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 8, vertical: 8),
      child: Container(
        width: 54,
        height: 54,
        decoration: const BoxDecoration(
          color: Colors.black,
          shape: BoxShape.circle,
        ),
        child: ClipOval(
          child: Image.network(
            'https://docs.flutterdart.cn/cookbook'
            '/img-files/effects/split-check/Avatar1.jpg',
            fit: BoxFit.cover,
          ),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

class CardListItem extends StatelessWidget {
  const CardListItem({
    super.key,
    required this.isLoading,
  });

  final bool isLoading;

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Padding(
      padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 24, vertical: 16),
      child: Column(
        crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.start,
        children: [
          _buildImage(),
          const SizedBox(height: 16),
          _buildText(),
        ],
      ),
    );
  }

  Widget _buildImage() {
    return AspectRatio(
      aspectRatio: 16 / 9,
      child: Container(
        width: double.infinity,
        decoration: BoxDecoration(
          color: Colors.black,
          borderRadius: BorderRadius.circular(16),
        ),
        child: ClipRRect(
          borderRadius: BorderRadius.circular(16),
          child: Image.network(
            'https://docs.flutterdart.cn/cookbook'
            '/img-files/effects/split-check/Food1.jpg',
            fit: BoxFit.cover,
          ),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }

  Widget _buildText() {
    if (isLoading) {
      return Column(
        crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.start,
        children: [
          Container(
            width: double.infinity,
            height: 24,
            decoration: BoxDecoration(
              color: Colors.black,
              borderRadius: BorderRadius.circular(16),
            ),
          ),
          const SizedBox(height: 16),
          Container(
            width: 250,
            height: 24,
            decoration: BoxDecoration(
              color: Colors.black,
              borderRadius: BorderRadius.circular(16),
            ),
          ),
        ],
      );
    } else {
      return const Padding(
        padding: EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 8),
        child: Text(
          'Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do '
          'eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.',
        ),
      );
    }
  }
}