创建滚动视差效果

当您在应用程序中滚动卡片列表（例如包含图像）时，您可能会注意到这些图像的滚动速度比屏幕上的其他内容慢。看起来像是列表中的卡片在前景中，但图像本身却位于遥远的背景中。这种效果被称为视差。

在这个食谱中，您将通过构建一个卡片列表（带有圆角，包含一些文本）来创建视差效果。每张卡片还包含一张图片。当卡片向上滑动屏幕时，每张卡片内的图片向下滑动。

以下动画显示了应用程序的行为

要显示视差滚动图像列表，您必须先显示一个列表。

创建一个名为 ParallaxRecipe 的新无状态小部件。在 ParallaxRecipe 中，构建一个包含 SingleChildScrollView 和 Column 的小部件树，它形成一个列表。

class ParallaxRecipe extends StatelessWidget {
  const ParallaxRecipe({super.key});

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return const SingleChildScrollView(
      child: Column(
        children: [],
      ),
    );
  }
}

每个列表项都显示一个圆角矩形背景图像，代表世界上七个地点之一。叠加在该背景图像之上的是位置名称及其国家/地区，位于左下方。在背景图像和文本之间是深色渐变，这可以提高文本在背景上的可读性。

实现一个名为 LocationListItem 的无状态小部件，它包含前面提到的视觉效果。现在，对背景使用静态 Image 小部件。稍后，您将用视差版本替换该小部件。

@immutable
class LocationListItem extends StatelessWidget {
  const LocationListItem({
    super.key,
    required this.imageUrl,
    required this.name,
    required this.country,
  });

  final String imageUrl;
  final String name;
  final String country;

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Padding(
      padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 24, vertical: 16),
      child: AspectRatio(
        aspectRatio: 16 / 9,
        child: ClipRRect(
          borderRadius: BorderRadius.circular(16),
          child: Stack(
            children: [
              _buildParallaxBackground(context),
              _buildGradient(),
              _buildTitleAndSubtitle(),
            ],
          ),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }

  Widget _buildParallaxBackground(BuildContext context) {
    return Positioned.fill(
      child: Image.network(
        imageUrl,
        fit: BoxFit.cover,
      ),
    );
  }

  Widget _buildGradient() {
    return Positioned.fill(
      child: DecoratedBox(
        decoration: BoxDecoration(
          gradient: LinearGradient(
            colors: [Colors.transparent, Colors.black.withOpacity(0.7)],
            begin: Alignment.topCenter,
            end: Alignment.bottomCenter,
            stops: const [0.6, 0.95],
          ),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }

  Widget _buildTitleAndSubtitle() {
    return Positioned(
      left: 20,
      bottom: 20,
      child: Column(
        mainAxisSize: MainAxisSize.min,
        crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.start,
        children: [
          Text(
            name,
            style: const TextStyle(
              color: Colors.white,
              fontSize: 20,
              fontWeight: FontWeight.bold,
            ),
          ),
          Text(
            country,
            style: const TextStyle(
              color: Colors.white,
              fontSize: 14,
            ),
          ),
        ],
      ),
    );
  }
}

接下来，将列表项添加到您的 ParallaxRecipe 小部件中。

class ParallaxRecipe extends StatelessWidget {
  const ParallaxRecipe({super.key});

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return SingleChildScrollView(
      child: Column(
        children: [
          for (final location in locations)
            LocationListItem(
              imageUrl: location.imageUrl,
              name: location.name,
              country: location.place,
            ),
        ],
      ),
    );
  }
}

您现在拥有一个典型的可滚动卡片列表，它显示了世界上七个独特的位置。在下一步中，您将为背景图像添加视差效果。

视差滚动效果是通过将背景图像稍微推向与列表其余部分相反的方向来实现的。当列表项向上滑动屏幕时，每个背景图像都会稍微向下滑动。相反，当列表项向下滑动屏幕时，每个背景图像都会稍微向上滑动。从视觉上看，这会导致视差。

视差效果取决于列表项在其祖先 Scrollable 中的当前位置。当列表项的滚动位置发生变化时，列表项背景图像的位置也必须发生变化。这是一个有趣的问题需要解决。列表项在 Scrollable 中的位置直到 Flutter 的布局阶段完成才可用。这意味着背景图像的位置必须在绘制阶段确定，绘制阶段在布局阶段之后。幸运的是，Flutter 提供了一个名为 Flow 的小部件，它专门设计用于让您在子小部件绘制之前立即控制子小部件的变换。换句话说，您可以拦截绘制阶段并进行控制，以根据需要重新定位子小部件。

将您的背景 Image 小部件包装在 Flow 小部件中。

Widget _buildParallaxBackground(BuildContext context) {
  return Flow(
    children: [
      Image.network(
        imageUrl,
        fit: BoxFit.cover,
      ),
    ],
  );
}

引入一个名为 ParallaxFlowDelegate 的新 FlowDelegate。

Widget _buildParallaxBackground(BuildContext context) {
  return Flow(
    delegate: ParallaxFlowDelegate(),
    children: [
      Image.network(
        imageUrl,
        fit: BoxFit.cover,
      ),
    ],
  );
}

class ParallaxFlowDelegate extends FlowDelegate {
  ParallaxFlowDelegate();

  @override
  BoxConstraints getConstraintsForChild(int i, BoxConstraints constraints) {
    // TODO: We'll add more to this later.
  }

  @override
  void paintChildren(FlowPaintingContext context) {
    // TODO: We'll add more to this later.
  }

  @override
  bool shouldRepaint(covariant FlowDelegate oldDelegate) {
    // TODO: We'll add more to this later.
    return true;
  }
}

FlowDelegate 控制其子元素的大小和绘制位置。在本例中，您的 Flow 小部件只有一个子元素：背景图像。该图像必须与 Flow 小部件的宽度完全一致。

为您的背景图像子元素返回紧凑的宽度约束。

@override
BoxConstraints getConstraintsForChild(int i, BoxConstraints constraints) {
  return BoxConstraints.tightFor(
    width: constraints.maxWidth,
  );
}

您的背景图像现在已按比例调整大小，但您仍然需要根据每个背景图像的滚动位置计算其垂直位置，然后绘制它。

您需要三个关键信息来计算背景图像的所需位置

• 祖先 Scrollable 的边界
• 单个列表项的边界
• 图像缩放到适合列表项后的尺寸

要查找 Scrollable 的边界，您将 ScrollableState 传递到您的 FlowDelegate 中。

要查找单个列表项的边界，将列表项的 BuildContext 传递到您的 FlowDelegate 中。

要查找背景图像的最终尺寸，将 GlobalKey 分配给您的 Image 小部件，然后将该 GlobalKey 传递到您的 FlowDelegate 中。

将这些信息提供给 ParallaxFlowDelegate。

@immutable
class LocationListItem extends StatelessWidget {
  final GlobalKey _backgroundImageKey = GlobalKey();

  Widget _buildParallaxBackground(BuildContext context) {
    return Flow(
      delegate: ParallaxFlowDelegate(
        scrollable: Scrollable.of(context),
        listItemContext: context,
        backgroundImageKey: _backgroundImageKey,
      ),
      children: [
        Image.network(
          imageUrl,
          key: _backgroundImageKey,
          fit: BoxFit.cover,
        ),
      ],
    );
  }
}

class ParallaxFlowDelegate extends FlowDelegate {
  ParallaxFlowDelegate({
    required this.scrollable,
    required this.listItemContext,
    required this.backgroundImageKey,
  });

  final ScrollableState scrollable;
  final BuildContext listItemContext;
  final GlobalKey backgroundImageKey;
}

拥有实现视差滚动所需的所有信息后，实现 shouldRepaint() 方法。

@override
bool shouldRepaint(ParallaxFlowDelegate oldDelegate) {
  return scrollable != oldDelegate.scrollable ||
      listItemContext != oldDelegate.listItemContext ||
      backgroundImageKey != oldDelegate.backgroundImageKey;
}

现在，实现视差效果的布局计算。

首先，计算列表项在其祖先 Scrollable 中的像素位置。

@override
void paintChildren(FlowPaintingContext context) {
  // Calculate the position of this list item within the viewport.
  final scrollableBox = scrollable.context.findRenderObject() as RenderBox;
  final listItemBox = listItemContext.findRenderObject() as RenderBox;
  final listItemOffset = listItemBox.localToGlobal(
      listItemBox.size.centerLeft(Offset.zero),
      ancestor: scrollableBox);
}

使用列表项的像素位置来计算其在 Scrollable 顶部所占的百分比。位于可滚动区域顶部的列表项应产生 0%，而位于可滚动区域底部的列表项应产生 100%。

@override
void paintChildren(FlowPaintingContext context) {
  // Calculate the position of this list item within the viewport.
  final scrollableBox = scrollable.context.findRenderObject() as RenderBox;
  final listItemBox = listItemContext.findRenderObject() as RenderBox;
  final listItemOffset = listItemBox.localToGlobal(
      listItemBox.size.centerLeft(Offset.zero),
      ancestor: scrollableBox);


  // Determine the percent position of this list item within the
  // scrollable area.
  final viewportDimension = scrollable.position.viewportDimension;
  final scrollFraction =
      (listItemOffset.dy / viewportDimension).clamp(0.0, 1.0);

使用滚动百分比来计算 Alignment。在 0% 时，您需要 Alignment(0.0, -1.0)，而在 100% 时，您需要 Alignment(0.0, 1.0)。这些坐标分别对应于顶部和底部对齐。

@override
void paintChildren(FlowPaintingContext context) {
  // Calculate the position of this list item within the viewport.
  final scrollableBox = scrollable.context.findRenderObject() as RenderBox;
  final listItemBox = listItemContext.findRenderObject() as RenderBox;
  final listItemOffset = listItemBox.localToGlobal(
      listItemBox.size.centerLeft(Offset.zero),
      ancestor: scrollableBox);


  // Determine the percent position of this list item within the
  // scrollable area.
  final viewportDimension = scrollable.position.viewportDimension;
  final scrollFraction =
      (listItemOffset.dy / viewportDimension).clamp(0.0, 1.0);

  // Calculate the vertical alignment of the background
  // based on the scroll percent.
  final verticalAlignment = Alignment(0.0, scrollFraction * 2 - 1);

使用 verticalAlignment 以及列表项的大小和背景图像的大小来生成一个 Rect，该 Rect 确定背景图像应放置的位置。

@override
void paintChildren(FlowPaintingContext context) {
  // Calculate the position of this list item within the viewport.
  final scrollableBox = scrollable.context.findRenderObject() as RenderBox;
  final listItemBox = listItemContext.findRenderObject() as RenderBox;
  final listItemOffset = listItemBox.localToGlobal(
      listItemBox.size.centerLeft(Offset.zero),
      ancestor: scrollableBox);


  // Determine the percent position of this list item within the
  // scrollable area.
  final viewportDimension = scrollable.position.viewportDimension;
  final scrollFraction =
      (listItemOffset.dy / viewportDimension).clamp(0.0, 1.0);

  // Calculate the vertical alignment of the background
  // based on the scroll percent.
  final verticalAlignment = Alignment(0.0, scrollFraction * 2 - 1);

  // Convert the background alignment into a pixel offset for
  // painting purposes.
  final backgroundSize =
      (backgroundImageKey.currentContext!.findRenderObject() as RenderBox)
          .size;
  final listItemSize = context.size;
  final childRect =
      verticalAlignment.inscribe(backgroundSize, Offset.zero & listItemSize);

使用childRect，用所需的平移变换绘制背景图像。随着时间的推移，这种变换会产生视差效果。

@override
void paintChildren(FlowPaintingContext context) {
  // Calculate the position of this list item within the viewport.
  final scrollableBox = scrollable.context.findRenderObject() as RenderBox;
  final listItemBox = listItemContext.findRenderObject() as RenderBox;
  final listItemOffset = listItemBox.localToGlobal(
      listItemBox.size.centerLeft(Offset.zero),
      ancestor: scrollableBox);


  // Determine the percent position of this list item within the
  // scrollable area.
  final viewportDimension = scrollable.position.viewportDimension;
  final scrollFraction =
      (listItemOffset.dy / viewportDimension).clamp(0.0, 1.0);

  // Calculate the vertical alignment of the background
  // based on the scroll percent.
  final verticalAlignment = Alignment(0.0, scrollFraction * 2 - 1);

  // Convert the background alignment into a pixel offset for
  // painting purposes.
  final backgroundSize =
      (backgroundImageKey.currentContext!.findRenderObject() as RenderBox)
          .size;
  final listItemSize = context.size;
  final childRect =
      verticalAlignment.inscribe(backgroundSize, Offset.zero & listItemSize);

  // Paint the background.
  context.paintChild(
    0,
    transform:
        Transform.translate(offset: Offset(0.0, childRect.top)).transform,
  );

要实现视差效果，还需要一个细节。ParallaxFlowDelegate在输入发生变化时会重新绘制，但它不会在滚动位置每次发生变化时都重新绘制。

将ScrollableState的ScrollPosition传递给FlowDelegate的超类，以便FlowDelegate在ScrollPosition每次发生变化时都重新绘制。

class ParallaxFlowDelegate extends FlowDelegate {
  ParallaxFlowDelegate({
    required this.scrollable,
    required this.listItemContext,
    required this.backgroundImageKey,
  }) : super(repaint: scrollable.position);
}

恭喜！您现在拥有一个带有视差效果、滚动背景图像的卡片列表。

运行应用程序

• 上下滚动以观察视差效果。

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import 'package:flutter/rendering.dart';

const Color darkBlue = Color.fromARGB(255, 18, 32, 47);

void main() {
  runApp(const MyApp());
}

class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
  const MyApp({super.key});

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return MaterialApp(
      theme: ThemeData.dark().copyWith(scaffoldBackgroundColor: darkBlue),
      debugShowCheckedModeBanner: false,
      home: const Scaffold(
        body: Center(
          child: ExampleParallax(),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

class ExampleParallax extends StatelessWidget {
  const ExampleParallax({
    super.key,
  });

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return SingleChildScrollView(
      child: Column(
        children: [
          for (final location in locations)
            LocationListItem(
              imageUrl: location.imageUrl,
              name: location.name,
              country: location.place,
            ),
        ],
      ),
    );
  }
}

class LocationListItem extends StatelessWidget {
  LocationListItem({
    super.key,
    required this.imageUrl,
    required this.name,
    required this.country,
  });

  final String imageUrl;
  final String name;
  final String country;
  final GlobalKey _backgroundImageKey = GlobalKey();

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Padding(
      padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 24, vertical: 16),
      child: AspectRatio(
        aspectRatio: 16 / 9,
        child: ClipRRect(
          borderRadius: BorderRadius.circular(16),
          child: Stack(
            children: [
              _buildParallaxBackground(context),
              _buildGradient(),
              _buildTitleAndSubtitle(),
            ],
          ),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }

  Widget _buildParallaxBackground(BuildContext context) {
    return Flow(
      delegate: ParallaxFlowDelegate(
        scrollable: Scrollable.of(context),
        listItemContext: context,
        backgroundImageKey: _backgroundImageKey,
      ),
      children: [
        Image.network(
          imageUrl,
          key: _backgroundImageKey,
          fit: BoxFit.cover,
        ),
      ],
    );
  }

  Widget _buildGradient() {
    return Positioned.fill(
      child: DecoratedBox(
        decoration: BoxDecoration(
          gradient: LinearGradient(
            colors: [Colors.transparent, Colors.black.withOpacity(0.7)],
            begin: Alignment.topCenter,
            end: Alignment.bottomCenter,
            stops: const [0.6, 0.95],
          ),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }

  Widget _buildTitleAndSubtitle() {
    return Positioned(
      left: 20,
      bottom: 20,
      child: Column(
        mainAxisSize: MainAxisSize.min,
        crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.start,
        children: [
          Text(
            name,
            style: const TextStyle(
              color: Colors.white,
              fontSize: 20,
              fontWeight: FontWeight.bold,
            ),
          ),
          Text(
            country,
            style: const TextStyle(
              color: Colors.white,
              fontSize: 14,
            ),
          ),
        ],
      ),
    );
  }
}

class ParallaxFlowDelegate extends FlowDelegate {
  ParallaxFlowDelegate({
    required this.scrollable,
    required this.listItemContext,
    required this.backgroundImageKey,
  }) : super(repaint: scrollable.position);


  final ScrollableState scrollable;
  final BuildContext listItemContext;
  final GlobalKey backgroundImageKey;

  @override
  BoxConstraints getConstraintsForChild(int i, BoxConstraints constraints) {
    return BoxConstraints.tightFor(
      width: constraints.maxWidth,
    );
  }

  @override
  void paintChildren(FlowPaintingContext context) {
    // Calculate the position of this list item within the viewport.
    final scrollableBox = scrollable.context.findRenderObject() as RenderBox;
    final listItemBox = listItemContext.findRenderObject() as RenderBox;
    final listItemOffset = listItemBox.localToGlobal(
        listItemBox.size.centerLeft(Offset.zero),
        ancestor: scrollableBox);

    // Determine the percent position of this list item within the
    // scrollable area.
    final viewportDimension = scrollable.position.viewportDimension;
    final scrollFraction =
        (listItemOffset.dy / viewportDimension).clamp(0.0, 1.0);

    // Calculate the vertical alignment of the background
    // based on the scroll percent.
    final verticalAlignment = Alignment(0.0, scrollFraction * 2 - 1);

    // Convert the background alignment into a pixel offset for
    // painting purposes.
    final backgroundSize =
        (backgroundImageKey.currentContext!.findRenderObject() as RenderBox)
            .size;
    final listItemSize = context.size;
    final childRect =
        verticalAlignment.inscribe(backgroundSize, Offset.zero & listItemSize);

    // Paint the background.
    context.paintChild(
      0,
      transform:
          Transform.translate(offset: Offset(0.0, childRect.top)).transform,
    );
  }

  @override
  bool shouldRepaint(ParallaxFlowDelegate oldDelegate) {
    return scrollable != oldDelegate.scrollable ||
        listItemContext != oldDelegate.listItemContext ||
        backgroundImageKey != oldDelegate.backgroundImageKey;
  }
}

class Parallax extends SingleChildRenderObjectWidget {
  const Parallax({
    super.key,
    required Widget background,
  }) : super(child: background);

  @override
  RenderObject createRenderObject(BuildContext context) {
    return RenderParallax(scrollable: Scrollable.of(context));
  }

  @override
  void updateRenderObject(
      BuildContext context, covariant RenderParallax renderObject) {
    renderObject.scrollable = Scrollable.of(context);
  }
}

class ParallaxParentData extends ContainerBoxParentData<RenderBox> {}

class RenderParallax extends RenderBox
    with RenderObjectWithChildMixin<RenderBox>, RenderProxyBoxMixin {
  RenderParallax({
    required ScrollableState scrollable,
  }) : _scrollable = scrollable;

  ScrollableState _scrollable;

  ScrollableState get scrollable => _scrollable;

  set scrollable(ScrollableState value) {
    if (value != _scrollable) {
      if (attached) {
        _scrollable.position.removeListener(markNeedsLayout);
      }
      _scrollable = value;
      if (attached) {
        _scrollable.position.addListener(markNeedsLayout);
      }
    }
  }

  @override
  void attach(covariant PipelineOwner owner) {
    super.attach(owner);
    _scrollable.position.addListener(markNeedsLayout);
  }

  @override
  void detach() {
    _scrollable.position.removeListener(markNeedsLayout);
    super.detach();
  }

  @override
  void setupParentData(covariant RenderObject child) {
    if (child.parentData is! ParallaxParentData) {
      child.parentData = ParallaxParentData();
    }
  }

  @override
  void performLayout() {
    size = constraints.biggest;

    // Force the background to take up all available width
    // and then scale its height based on the image's aspect ratio.
    final background = child!;
    final backgroundImageConstraints =
        BoxConstraints.tightFor(width: size.width);
    background.layout(backgroundImageConstraints, parentUsesSize: true);

    // Set the background's local offset, which is zero.
    (background.parentData as ParallaxParentData).offset = Offset.zero;
  }

  @override
  void paint(PaintingContext context, Offset offset) {
    // Get the size of the scrollable area.
    final viewportDimension = scrollable.position.viewportDimension;

    // Calculate the global position of this list item.
    final scrollableBox = scrollable.context.findRenderObject() as RenderBox;
    final backgroundOffset =
        localToGlobal(size.centerLeft(Offset.zero), ancestor: scrollableBox);

    // Determine the percent position of this list item within the
    // scrollable area.
    final scrollFraction =
        (backgroundOffset.dy / viewportDimension).clamp(0.0, 1.0);

    // Calculate the vertical alignment of the background
    // based on the scroll percent.
    final verticalAlignment = Alignment(0.0, scrollFraction * 2 - 1);

    // Convert the background alignment into a pixel offset for
    // painting purposes.
    final background = child!;
    final backgroundSize = background.size;
    final listItemSize = size;
    final childRect =
        verticalAlignment.inscribe(backgroundSize, Offset.zero & listItemSize);

    // Paint the background.
    context.paintChild(
        background,
        (background.parentData as ParallaxParentData).offset +
            offset +
            Offset(0.0, childRect.top));
  }
}

class Location {
  const Location({
    required this.name,
    required this.place,
    required this.imageUrl,
  });

  final String name;
  final String place;
  final String imageUrl;
}

const urlPrefix =
    'https://docs.flutterdart.cn/cookbook/img-files/effects/parallax';
const locations = [
  Location(
    name: 'Mount Rushmore',
    place: 'U.S.A',
    imageUrl: '$urlPrefix/01-mount-rushmore.jpg',
  ),
  Location(
    name: 'Gardens By The Bay',
    place: 'Singapore',
    imageUrl: '$urlPrefix/02-singapore.jpg',
  ),
  Location(
    name: 'Machu Picchu',
    place: 'Peru',
    imageUrl: '$urlPrefix/03-machu-picchu.jpg',
  ),
  Location(
    name: 'Vitznau',
    place: 'Switzerland',
    imageUrl: '$urlPrefix/04-vitznau.jpg',
  ),
  Location(
    name: 'Bali',
    place: 'Indonesia',
    imageUrl: '$urlPrefix/05-bali.jpg',
  ),
  Location(
    name: 'Mexico City',
    place: 'Mexico',
    imageUrl: '$urlPrefix/06-mexico-city.jpg',
  ),
  Location(
    name: 'Cairo',
    place: 'Egypt',
    imageUrl: '$urlPrefix/07-cairo.jpg',
  ),
];